37 research outputs found

    European Energy Security: What Should It Mean? What to Do? ESF Working Paper, No. 23, 30 October 2006

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    [From the Introduction]. ‱ Is energy a strategic good? If it is, to what extent does it make sense to deny the extraction of political leverage from energy policy? In criticising Russian energy policy, are we not protesting too much against the fact that Russia (as others) is using energy for political ends – instead of criticising, as we should, the content of Russia’s policy? And if energy is strategic, should a European Union energy policy be primarily about the liberalisation of the energy market? ‱ Is claiming reciprocity always smart? After all, do we really want Russian firms to control both the downstream as well as the upstream elements of the EU’s energy supply chain, in exchange for access by EU firms to Russian energy production and transport? ‱ Should it really be EU policy to help Turkey to make full use of its potential as a major energy hub? After all, half of Russia’s oil exports already pass through the Bosporus, creating a major risk if that very vulnerable route were to be cut

    Starting over: for a Franco-German initiative in European defence

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    Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht die Chancen, Notwendigkeiten und Probleme einer deutsch-französischen militĂ€rischen Zusammenarbeit im Kontext einer neuen internationalen Sicherheitslage. Vor dem Hintergrund eines neuen strategischen Umfeldes erklĂ€ren die Autoren zunĂ€chst, warum ein Neubeginn der deutsch-französischen Zusammenarbeit notwendig ist und wie sich dieser gestalten könnte. Danach werden dieses neue strategische Umfeld und die daraus resultierende neue Sicherheitslandschaft im Zusammenhang mit neuen Bedrohungsszenarien und Risiken analysiert. Im zweiten Teil werden die deutsch-französischen Beziehungen seit Anfang der 90er Jahre untersucht und der aktuelle Stand der Beziehungen beleuchtet. Abschließend werden die institutionellen und politischen Anforderungen an eine engere Zusammenarbeit diskutiert und spezifische Bereiche benannt, in denen eine Kooperation besonders lohnend erscheint. (ICD

    Convergence towards a European strategic culture? A constructivist framework for explaining changing norms.

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    The article contributes to the debate about the emergence of a European strategic culture to underpin a European Security and Defence Policy. Noting both conceptual and empirical weaknesses in the literature, the article disaggregates the concept of strategic culture and focuses on four types of norms concerning the means and ends for the use of force. The study argues that national strategic cultures are less resistant to change than commonly thought and that they have been subject to three types of learning pressures since 1989: changing threat perceptions, institutional socialization, and mediatized crisis learning. The combined effect of these mechanisms would be a process of convergence with regard to strategic norms prevalent in current EU countries. If the outlined hypotheses can be substantiated by further research the implications for ESDP are positive, especially if the EU acts cautiously in those cases which involve norms that are not yet sufficiently shared across countries

    Readings in European Security, Volume 6. CEPS Paperbacks. November 2010

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    The sixth and final volume of Readings in European Security brings together the unique insight and analysis of security experts from the EU, NATO, diplomatic missions, national governments, parliaments, business, media and academics on the following topics: Obama’s Foreign Policy: Is this change we can believe in?; Somalia and the Pirates; The Political Future of Afghanistan

    L'Europe face à la politique militaire américaine

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    Europe and the Problem of American Military Policy, by François Heisbourg The build-up of the American military effort began several years prior to Reagan's Ă©lection. At present it seems to have acquired a leapfrog dimension rather than a simple catching-up. Due to an accumulation of modernisation processes through partial and progressive stages, we are today on the threshold of a qualitative transformation of military technology. The difference between the Strategie Defense Initiative (SDI) and plans for a conventional dissuasion force depend on the Ă©volution of technology but the final objective is the same. This is to reduce or completely eliminate the dependence on nuclear arms, whether in order to maintain peace or to achieve victory. Medium-sized nuclear powers such as France, China and the U.K., would be disturbed by develop-ments which threatened U.S. adhĂ©rence to the 1972 treaty. But for the Europeans, the problems posed are political and technical rather than strategie and military. They need to coordinate their defence industries in order to be better placed for cooperative arrangements with the United States or Japan.Le redĂ©marrage de l'effort militaire a prĂ©cĂ©dĂ© de plusieurs annĂ©es l'Ă©lection de Reagan. La dynamique actuelle correspond autant Ă  un envol qu'Ă  un simple rattrapage. GrĂące Ă  une accumulation de modernisations partielles et progressives, on est aujourd'hui parvenu au seuil d'une transformation qualitative. Entre l'Initiative de dĂ©fense stratĂ©gique (SDI) et les plans militaires visant l'Ă©tablissement d'une dissuasion conventionnelle s'appuyant sur les progrĂšs de la technique (ET), il y a des diffĂ©rences, mais un mĂȘme objectif final : rĂ©duire, voire annuler, la dĂ©pendance Ă  l'Ă©gard des armes nuclĂ©aires, qu'il s'agisse de maintenir la paix ou d'emporter la victoire. Les forces nuclĂ©aires moyennes — France, Chine, Royaume-Uni — seraient probablement gĂȘnĂ©es par une Ă©volution qui mettraient en cause le traitĂ© de 1972. Mais, pour les EuropĂ©ens, les risques sont plus d'ordre politique et technique que stratĂ©gique et militaire. Pour y faire face, les EuropĂ©ens devront mieux coordonner leurs actions en matiĂšre d'industries de dĂ©fense, pour ĂȘtre mieux Ă  mĂȘme d'entrer dans des coopĂ©rations avec les Etats-Unis ou le Japon.Heisbourg. L'Europe face Ă  la politique militaire amĂ©ricaine. In: Politique Ă©trangĂšre, n°3 - 1984 - 49ᔉannĂ©e. pp. 571-587

    L'Europe de la défense dans l'Alliance atlantique

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    Europe's Common Defence in the Atlantic Alliance, by François Heisbourg Notwithstanding fifty years of success, the future of the Alliance is far from assured. While we know what the Alliance does — transatlantic security and defence co-operation ; the preparation and conduct of multilateral military operations — we don't really know what it is for (or against). Furthermore, the balance of responsibilities between a "hard power" America and a "soft power" Europe is increasingly considered to be unsatisfactory viewed from both sides of the Atlantic. Europe must do what is in its power to increase its "hard power" capability, notably in terms of power projection. This implies, inter alia, a deliberate effort by the EU Defence Ministers to promote a convergence of defence policies, through the adoption of a set of budget and manpower criteria, methodologically akin to the effort which led to the establishment of the euro.Pour François Heisbourg, malgrĂ© ses succĂšs, l'avenir de l'OTAN est incertain, notamment en raison du caractĂšre flou de sa raison d'ĂȘtre actuelle et de la remise en cause croissante de sa cohĂ©rence. Dans ce contexte, les EuropĂ©ens doivent dĂ©velopper leurs capacitĂ©s de dĂ©fense, susceptibles de soutenir une vĂ©ritable politique extĂ©rieure et de sĂ©curitĂ© commune et d'apporter une contribution positive Ă  l'Alliance. Selon lui, les pays de l'Union devraient privilĂ©gier tout particuliĂšrement les capacitĂ©s de projection de forces adaptĂ©es aux crises de l'aprĂšs-guerre froide, dont les insuffisances sont notables dans le conflit du Kosovo, et favoriser une convergence sur le long terme des politiques de dĂ©fense et d'Ă©quipement militaire.Heisbourg. L'Europe de la dĂ©fense dans l'Alliance atlantique. In: Politique Ă©trangĂšre, n°2 - 1999 - 64ᔉannĂ©e. pp. 219-232

    SĂ©curitĂ© : l'Europe livrĂ©e Ă  elle-mĂȘme

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    Security : Europe Left to Its Own Devices, by François Heisbourg In post-cold War Europe, insecutrity is less a resuit of the reemergence of important national blocs, as it was the case in the period hefore 1914, as the process of fragmentation along exaggerated ethnie bases. Faced with these phenomena of countries looking inwards, there is a risk that Western European countries will be temptea to do likewise and follow divergent defence and security policies, a situation which could eventually lead to antagonistic behaviour. In these conditions the large multilateral instituitons inherited from the Cold War can most effectively enhance security by providing a legitimate framework for the promotion of the principles and logic that ivill enable the Western countries to avoid this temptation to withdraiv into themselves. The opening-up of trade and organic enlargement by the admittance of the new democraties will also help. The performance of these institutions and their member-states regarding the crisis in ex-Yugoslavia has been poor and urgently reinforces the need for a change of perspective so that the use of force in certain circumstances is a « proxima ratio » — an early recourse — rather than a last resort.Dans l'Europe de l'aprĂšs-guerre froide, l'insĂ©curitĂ© naĂźt moins de la rĂ©Ă©mergence de grands blocs nationaux Ă  l'instar de ce qui caractĂ©risa la pĂ©riode d'avant 1914, que du processus de fragmentation sur des bases ethniques exacerbĂ©es. Face Ă  ces phĂ©nomĂšnes d'implosion, le risque existe qu'Ă  leur tour les pays d'Europe occidentale cĂšdent Ă  la tentation du repli sur soi et de la conduite de politiques divergentes de sĂ©curitĂ© et de dĂ©fense d'oĂč pourraient naĂźtre, Ă  terme, des conduites antagonistes. Dans ces conditions, les grandes institutions multilatĂ©rales hĂ©ritiĂšres de la guerre froide contribueront d'autant plus efficacement Ă  la sĂ©curitĂ© qu'elles fourniront le cadre de lĂ©gitimation et de promotion des principes et des logiques permettant d'Ă©chapper Ă  la tentation du repli : ainsi, l'ouverture commerciale, l'Ă©largissement organique par inclusion des nouvelles dĂ©mocraties. Le mauvais dĂ©part que constitue l'incapacitĂ© de ces institutions et des Etats qui les composent face aux crises de l'ex-Yougoslavie renforce tant l'urgence d'un changement de portage que la nĂ©cessitĂ© de l'emploi dans certaines circonstances de la force comme proxima ratio et non comme ultime recours.Heisbourg. SĂ©curitĂ© : l'Europe livrĂ©e Ă  elle-mĂȘme. In: Politique Ă©trangĂšre, n°1 - 1994 - 59ᔉannĂ©e. pp. 247-260

    Etats-Unis 1979-1999 : portée et limites de la puissance

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    United States 1979-1999: Scope and Limits of Power, by François Heisbourg Between 1979 and 1999, the sources and the scale of US power are not as fundamentally different as is suggested by "declinist" analysis in the late seventies on the one hand or recent statements about "hyperpower" on the other. The current breadth and scale of US pre-eminence is a consequence of the disappearance of the Soviet rival, not of a basic change in the nature of US power. What is surprising in the current exercise of American power is its heavy reliance on military tools in the framework of "noloss" operations, in contrast to the availability of a broad range of other tools of influence and power: in the age of Internet, Washington emphasizes a latter-day version of gunboat diplomacy, with a checkered record in terms of achieving the desired political results. Furthermore, US security policy which used to be structured by the requirements of the Cold War, has become essentially reactive. What coherence it has is increasingly the result of the force of habit rather than of an overarching set of guiding principles: this enhances the vulnerabilty of long standing US commitments in Europe, and more ominously in a dangerously unstable Asia.À en croire certains observateurs, la puissance des États-Unis est aujourd'hui Ă  son zĂ©nith, alors qu'il y a deux dĂ©cennies, elle Ă©tait dĂ©faillante. En portant un jugement nuancĂ© sur l'Ă©volution de la politique extĂ©rieure et de sĂ©curitĂ© menĂ©e par les prĂ©sidents successifs, François Heisbourg dĂ©montre ici Ă  quel point cette vision est simplificatrice. De Jimmy Carter Ă  George Bush, en passant par Ronald Reagan, l'auteur s'attache Ă  relativiser les jugements Ă  l'emporte-piĂšce dont leur action internationale est souvent victime. Quant au bilan provisoire de la politique extĂ©rieure de Bill Clinton, il est loin d'ĂȘtre aussi positif que la popularitĂ© du prĂ©sident amĂ©ricain pourrait le laisser croire. Serait-ce en raison de sa « version moderne de la politique de la canonniĂšre » ?Heisbourg. Etats-Unis 1979-1999 : portĂ©e et limites de la puissance. In: Politique Ă©trangĂšre, n°3 - 1999 - 64ᔉannĂ©e. pp. 505-518
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